Eloquent: Mutators
Introduction
Accessors and mutators allow you to format Eloquent attribute values when you retrieve or set them on model instances. For example, you may want to use the Laravel encrypter to encrypt a value while it is stored in the database, and then automatically decrypt the attribute when you access it on an Eloquent model.
In addition to custom accessors and mutators, Eloquent can also automatically cast date fields to Carbon instances or even cast text fields to JSON.
Accessors & Mutators
Defining An Accessor
To define an accessor, create a getFooAttribute
method on your model where Foo
is the "studly" cased name of the column you wish to access. In this example, we'll define an accessor for the first_name
attribute. The accessor will automatically be called by Eloquent when attempting to retrieve the value of the first_name
attribute:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* Get the user's first name.
*
* @param string $value
* @return string
*/
public function getFirstNameAttribute($value)
{
return ucfirst($value);
}
}
As you can see, the original value of the column is passed to the accessor, allowing you to manipulate and return the value. To access the value of the accessor, you may access the first_name
attribute on a model instance:
$user = App\User::find(1);
$firstName = $user->first_name;
Of course, you may also use accessors to return new, computed values from existing attributes:
/**
* Get the user's full name.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getFullNameAttribute()
{
return "{$this->first_name} {$this->last_name}";
}
Defining A Mutator
To define a mutator, define a setFooAttribute
method on your model where Foo
is the "studly" cased name of the column you wish to access. So, again, let's define a mutator for the first_name
attribute. This mutator will be automatically called when we attempt to set the value of the first_name
attribute on the model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* Set the user's first name.
*
* @param string $value
* @return void
*/
public function setFirstNameAttribute($value)
{
$this->attributes['first_name'] = strtolower($value);
}
}
The mutator will receive the value that is being set on the attribute, allowing you to manipulate the value and set the manipulated value on the Eloquent model's internal $attributes
property. So, for example, if we attempt to set the first_name
attribute to Sally
:
$user = App\User::find(1);
$user->first_name = 'Sally';
In this example, the setFirstNameAttribute
function will be called with the value Sally
. The mutator will then apply the strtolower
function to the name and set its resulting value in the internal $attributes
array.
Date Mutators
By default, Eloquent will convert the created_at
and updated_at
columns to instances of Carbon, which extends the PHP DateTime
class to provide an assortment of helpful methods. You may customize which dates are automatically mutated, and even completely disable this mutation, by overriding the $dates
property of your model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* The attributes that should be mutated to dates.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $dates = [
'created_at',
'updated_at',
'deleted_at'
];
}
When a column is considered a date, you may set its value to a UNIX timestamp, date string (Y-m-d
), date-time string, and of course a DateTime
/ Carbon
instance, and the date's value will automatically be correctly stored in your database:
$user = App\User::find(1);
$user->deleted_at = now();
$user->save();
As noted above, when retrieving attributes that are listed in your $dates
property, they will automatically be cast to Carbon instances, allowing you to use any of Carbon's methods on your attributes:
$user = App\User::find(1);
return $user->deleted_at->getTimestamp();
Date Formats
By default, timestamps are formatted as 'Y-m-d H:i:s'
. If you need to customize the timestamp format, set the $dateFormat
property on your model. This property determines how date attributes are stored in the database, as well as their format when the model is serialized to an array or JSON:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The storage format of the model's date columns.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $dateFormat = 'U';
}
Attribute Casting
The $casts
property on your model provides a convenient method of converting attributes to common data types. The $casts
property should be an array where the key is the name of the attribute being cast and the value is the type you wish to cast the column to. The supported cast types are: integer
, real
, float
, double
, string
, boolean
, object
, array
, collection
, date
, datetime
, and timestamp
.
For example, let's cast the is_admin
attribute, which is stored in our database as an integer (0
or 1
) to a boolean value:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* The attributes that should be cast to native types.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $casts = [
'is_admin' => 'boolean',
];
}
Now the is_admin
attribute will always be cast to a boolean when you access it, even if the underlying value is stored in the database as an integer:
$user = App\User::find(1);
if ($user->is_admin) {
//
}
Array & JSON Casting
The array
cast type is particularly useful when working with columns that are stored as serialized JSON. For example, if your database has a JSON
or TEXT
field type that contains serialized JSON, adding the array
cast to that attribute will automatically deserialize the attribute to a PHP array when you access it on your Eloquent model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* The attributes that should be cast to native types.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $casts = [
'options' => 'array',
];
}
Once the cast is defined, you may access the options
attribute and it will automatically be deserialized from JSON into a PHP array. When you set the value of the options
attribute, the given array will automatically be serialized back into JSON for storage:
$user = App\User::find(1);
$options = $user->options;
$options['key'] = 'value';
$user->options = $options;
$user->save();
Date Casting
When using the date
or datetime
cast type, you may specify the date's format. This format will be used when the model is serialized to an array or JSON:
/**
* The attributes that should be cast to native types.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $casts = [
'created_at' => 'datetime:Y-m-d',
];